化学致癌物，例如石棉、烟草烟雾成分、酒精、黄曲霉毒素（一种食品污染物）、 砷（一种饮水污染物）、烷化剂、酰化剂、亚硝胺类、芳香胺、环氧化物等；巴豆油、 激素、酚类等物品，会增加致癌物质的效应。
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Epigenetic alterations occur usually in cancers. As an example, 1 study stated protein coding genes which were often altered of their methylation in association with colon most cancers.
免疫療法是利用人體內的免疫機制來對抗腫瘤細胞。已經有許多對抗癌症的免疫療法在研究中。目前較有進展的就是癌症疫苗療法和單株抗體療法，而免疫細胞療法則是最近這幾年最新發展的治療技術。
Complementary and choice most cancers solutions are a diverse group of therapies, techniques and products which will not be A part of standard medication.[202] "Complementary drugs" refers to strategies and substances employed coupled with conventional medicine, while "choice drugs" refers to compounds made use of instead of traditional medication.[203] Most complementary and alternate medicines for cancer have not been studied or analyzed utilizing traditional strategies such as scientific trials.
确定用于癌症预防和控制的“最合算措施”和其他具有成本效益的重点策略；
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Some alternate treatments are actually investigated and proven for being ineffective but still carry on to be marketed and promoted. Most cancers researcher Andrew J. Vickers mentioned, "The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for this sort of therapies; it is time to say that lots of option cancer therapies are actually 'disproven'."[204]
السؤال 癌症 هنا هل هناك مشكلة في عقد الزواج في المحكمة اذا كانت تابع لابيها ؟ تابع غير مصرح له بالعمل
Are they sensible? As in damageable (autos AND cops), so that I won't see a one wheeled cop in the pancake automobile tracking me and keeping up?
另類醫學的治療方式包含許多種類的系統或療法，此類治療以現代醫學標準的觀點來看，通常不被認為是有效及安全的。但是醫師仍然可以利用這樣的治療方法來「補充」標準治療所不能提供的，例如身體的舒適或是心靈上的平靜，重燃起患者對治療癌症的希望。
除了切除原發性腫瘤之外，癌症的病程分期（英语：staging）也需要手術的協助。例如，確定腫瘤惡化的程度與是否發生淋巴結轉移。病程分期主要可用來推測預後和是否需要實行輔助治療（英语：adjuvant therapy）。有時手術也被用來控制症狀以減輕病人痛苦，如脊髓壓迫或腸阻塞，稱為紓緩治療。
肿瘤，癌和癌症的关系 正常組織轉變成腫瘤需經一連串的過程。從最初期的細胞增生，多半可藉由身體本身的防禦機制加以清除或保持穩定。到成為一團腫塊的良性腫瘤，此時身體已無法自立將其去除，而只能選擇共存。但是也並非所有良性腫瘤都會轉變成為惡性腫瘤。惡性腫瘤是指當增生的細胞侵入周遭組織，並獲得新生血管供應養分後，開始快速生長且轉移到其他組織的時候，也叫做癌症。
Treatment is mostly the same as for non-Expecting women. However, radiation and radioactive medication are Ordinarily avoided all through pregnancy, particularly when the fetal dose may possibly exceed one hundred cGy. In some cases, some or all treatments are postponed until finally following birth In the event the most cancers is diagnosed late inside the pregnancy.